Viewing leadership as an expression of responsible citizenship goes back to Plato and Aristotle. For Plato, a major concern is the possibility that leadership could degenerate if the leader does not separate his personal interests from the welfare of those he governs. In addition, intelligence is central to the Platonic view of leadership, so the idea that more educated citizens could be better leaders would come as no surprise.
1. Robert Mugabe
Qualified as a teacher.Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of
Fort Hare.He then studied at the University of Oxford in 1952, Salisbury
(1953), Gwelo (1954), and Tanzania (1955–1957). Mugabe subsequently
earned six further degrees through distance learning. These include a
Bachelor of Administration and Bachelor of Education from the University
of South Africa and a Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Laws, Master of
Science, and Master of Laws, all from the University of London External
Programme. The two Law degrees were taken whilst he was in prison,
whilst the Master of Science degree was taken during his premiership of
Zimbabwe.2. King Mohammed VI – Morocco
He attended the Qur’anic school at the Royal Palace where he
learned the Qur’an by heart, and received a religious and traditional
education. Primary and secondary studies at the Royal College B.A in law
at the College of law of the Mohammed V University, Rabat.
Certificat d’Études Supérieures (CES) in political sciences &
Diplôme d’Études Approfondies DEA in public law. Trained in Brussels
with Jacques Delors, then President of the European Commission Doctorate
in law (PhD) with “Very Honorable” distinction and the Congratulations
of the Jury on 29 October 1993 from the French University of Nice Sophia
Antipolis for his thesis on “EEC-Maghreb Relations.”
3. President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf – Liberia
From 1948 to 55 Ellen Johnson studied accounts and economics at
the College of West Africa in Monrovia. After marriage at the age of 17
to James Sirleaf, she travelled to America (in 1961) and continued her
studies, achieving a degree from the University of Colorado. From 1969
to 71 she read economics at Harvard, gaining a masters degree in public
administration. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf then returned to Liberia and began
working in William Tolbert’s (True Whig Party) government. A Start in Politics
Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf served as Minister of Finance from 1972 to 73,
but left after a disagreement over public spending. As the 70s
progressed, life under Liberia’s one-party state became more polarised –
to the benefit of theAmerico-Liberian elite. On 12 April 1980
Master Sergeant Samuel Kayon Doe, a member of the indigenous Krahn
ethnic group, seized power in a military coup and President William
Tolbert was executed along with several members of his cabinet by firing
squad. Life under Samuel Doe With the People’s Redemption
Council now in power, Samuel Doe began a purge of government. Ellen
Johnson-Sirleaf narrowly escaped – choosing exile in Kenya. From 1983 to
85 she served as Director of Citibank in Nairobi, but when Samuel Doe
declared himself president of the Republic in 1984 and unbanned
political parties, she decided to return. During the 1985 elections
Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf campaigned against Doe, and was placed under house
arrest.
4. President Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé – Togo
Born in Afagnan in Lacs Prefecture, Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé was
one of Gnassingbé Eyadéma’s many children; his mother was Séna Sabine
Mensah. Gnassingbé received his secondary education in Lomé. He then
studied in Paris and obtained Master of Business Admnistration degree
from The George Washington University, USA.
He was a deputy to the National Assembly of Togo for Blitta,
coordinator of the commission in charge of privatization and served as
Minister of Mines and Telecommunications from July 29, 2003 to February
2005. He has a reputation of a skilled politician. Since coming to
power, he has been working tirelessly to reconcile Togolese politicians
and revive the relations with European Union. He has 8 kids from
different women.
5. President José Eduardo dos Santos – Angola
He was awarded a scholarship in 1963 to study in the Soviet Union where he received a degree in petroleum engineering. Upon graduation in 1969, he stayed in the Soviet Union to continue his studies in Communications.
Jose Eduardo dos Santos
- Born in 1942, at the age of 19 he joined the MPLA’s guerrilla army fighting for independence from Portugal
- Studied oil engineering in the former USSR, now Azerbaijan
- Became president in 1979, when the country’s first leader, Agostinho Neto, died
- Married to former air hostess Ana Paula dos Santos, with whom he has several children
- He also has a number of other children who are high-profile figures in Angolan business and media circles
- His eldest daughter Isabel dos Santos is an influential businesswoman in Portugal
In power for 33 years,
despite having never been formally elected, Angola’s President Jose
Eduardo dos Santos is Africa’s second-longest serving head of state –
trailing Equatorial Guinea’s Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo by just one
month.
At home he has a firm grip on all aspects of government, is the head
of the armed forces and responsible for appointing senior judges.Overseas, as president of one of Africa’s major oil producers he has positioned himself as a regional wise man, receiving weekly visits from various African leaders, and has developed strong links with China, as well as Brazil and the United States. The 70 year old is never criticised by the country’s state media organs, and the remaining few private newspapers that have not been bought up by government ministers and which dare challenge his actions are hit with lawsuits.
6. President Dr. Thomas Yayi Boni – Benin
Educated in Parakou, and later studied economics at the National
University of Benin. He studied banking at Cheikh Anta Diop University
in Dakar, Senegal, and later economics and politics at the University of
Orléans in France and at Paris University, where he completed a
doctorate in economics in 1976.
Thomas Boni Yayi won presidential elections in March 2006, and
again in 2011. He won 75% of the votes in the 2006 polls, but managed
only 53% in the 2011 elections. These later polls were postponed twice
and their results were disputed by the main challenger, Adrien
Houngbedji. Mr Yayi a former head of the Togo-based West African
Development Bank, lost considerable support during an economic downturn
and a pyramid investment scheme scandal in 2010. This scandal involved
several senior officials, and more than 100,000 people are reported to
have lost their money. Recent years have seen two unverified allegations
of plots against the president. In 2012 Mr Yayi said he had survived an
attempted poisoning, and police claimed they had foiled a coup attempt
against him in March 2013
The Beninese authorities have linked both alleged plots to a
businessman with ties to the cotton industry, Patrice Talon, who was
once a close associate of Mr Yayi. In 2013, a French court rejected a
Beninese request for Mr Talon’s extradition. Born in 1952 into a Muslim
family in the north, Mr Yayi later became an evangelical Christian.
Born
in 1957 in the oil-rich Niger Delta region, Mr Jonathan is a Christian
from the Ijaw ethnic group. He is said to be extremely close to the
“super pastors” of Nigeria’s hugely popular Pentecostal churches. His
family’s trade was canoe-making, but he studied zoology at university.
He worked as an education inspector, lecturer and environmental
protection officer before going into politics in 1998. Just as his rapid
rise to power in the federal government owed a lot to luck, so too did
his promotion to state governor. Elected as deputy governor for his home
state, Bayelsa, in 1999, he was once again serving his time without
particular distinction.
7. President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete – Tanzania
Kikwete attended Msoga Primary School from 1958 to 1961, followed
by Lugoba Middle School from 1962 to 1965. This followed with his
O-level education at Kibaha Secondary School from 1966 to 1969. His
advanced level education was completed at Tanga Secondary School
followed by a degree in Economics at the University of Dar es Salaam
from 1972 to 1975.
Kikwete’s grandfather Mrisho Kikwete was a local chief
and his father became a District Commissioner in colonial Tanganyika,
Regional Administrative Secretary, and then an Ombudsman in
post-colonial Tanganyika and the United Republic of Tanzania. He learnt
much of his leadership skills from these two hugely influential men in
his life. During school, Kikwete was naturally elected for leadership,
which effortlessly led to TANU and CCM party youth movements after
school.
He became active in student politics and was elected
Vice President of the Dar es Salaam University Students Organisation and
de-facto President of the student government at the Main Campus in
1973/74. In this capacity, he was at the forefront of activism in
liberation and anti-apartheid politics. He represented African
University students at international conferences, such as the
International Youth Population Conference in Bucharest, Romania in 1974.
After graduating, Kikwete joined the ruling party.
Kikwete served in the Tanzanian military, becoming the Chief Political
Instructor of the Tanzania People’s Defence Forces in 1984. He also rose
through army ranks to become a political instructor in the military
academy and retired as a Lieutenant Colonel in 1992. He has been in the
cabinet since 1988 and was previously Minister of Finance and Minister
of Energy and Minerals.
Kikwete was a foreign minister between 1995 and 2005.
His tenure as chairman of the African Union was seen as successful, as
in 2007 he played a significant role in finding a solution to the
post-election chaos in neighbouring Kenya. In his role as President,
Kikwete has continued with the efforts of his predecessor to make
Tanzania a free-market economy. He has also been seen to pay delicate
respect to the socialist
8. Goodluck Jonathan- Nigeria
Born
in 1957 in the oil-rich Niger Delta region, Mr Jonathan is a Christian
from the Ijaw ethnic group. He is said to be extremely close to the
“super pastors” of Nigeria’s hugely popular Pentecostal churches. His
family’s trade was canoe-making, but he studied zoology at university.
He worked as an education inspector, lecturer and environmental
protection officer before going into politics in 1998. Just as his rapid
rise to power in the federal government owed a lot to luck, so too did
his promotion to state governor. Elected as deputy governor for his home
state, Bayelsa, in 1999, he was once again serving his time without
particular distinction.
Until, that is, his boss was impeached on corruption charges.
9. President Paul Biya- Cameroon
His Excellency Paul Biya was born on 13 February 1933 at Mvoméka’a, Meyomessala Subdivision, Dja-et-Lobo Division, South Province. President Paul Biya is the second President of the State of Cameroon. He assumed office on 6 November 1982 following the resignation of President Ahmadou Ahidjo. President Paul Biya is married and has three children. Born on the 13th February 1933 at Mvomeka’a (Meyomessala) of the late Etienne Mvondo Assam and Mrs MVONDO (born Anastasie Eyenga Elle).
1. – Education
1948: First School Leaving Certificat (CEPE) (Nden); 1948/1950: St. Tharcissius Pre-seminary, Edea; 1950/1954: Akono Minor Seminary; June 1953: BEPC 1954/1956: Lycee General Leclerc June 1955: Baccalaureat lere partie June 1956: Baccalaureat 2e partie Lycee Louis le Grand (Paris).University education
Degree in Public Law, Diploma of the Institut d’Etudes Politioues, Diploma from the Institut des Hautes Etudes d’Outre-Mer. Diplôme d’Etudes Superieurs in Public law.2. – Professional Career
• Charge de mission (assistant) in the Presidency of the Republic: October 1962; • Director of Cabinet, Ministry of National education: January 1964; • Permanent Secretary, Ministry of National Education, July 1965; • Director of Civil Cabinet (Chief of Staff), Presidency of the Republic, December 1967; • Secretary General and Director of Civil Cabinet: January 1968; • Minister of State, Secretary General in the Presidency of the Republic June 1970; • Prime Minister; 30th June 1975; • As Constitutional successor, he becomes President of the Republic after the resignation of Ahmadou Ahidjo on the 6th November 1982; this according to the constitutional amendment instituted by law n° 79/02 of 29th June 1979. On taking the oath of office, he undertook to democratise political life, to bring about social and economic liberalisation, to introduce rigour in management and moralise attitudes, and to reinforce international co-operation. • Elected President of the Cameroon National Union (CNU): 14 September 1983. • Elected President of the Republic on 14th January 1984, reelected on the 24th April, 1988, llth October 1992 (First election with direct universal suffrage with many candidates) : 12th October 1997 and llth October 2004. • Elected President of the CPDM, Cameroon Peoples Democratic Party after the CNU was transformed to the CPDM; 24th March 1985 in Bamenda. • When on the 19th December 1990, Mr Paul BIYA promulgated the law on associations and Political parties. He was in effect restoring multiparty politics in Cameroon (since September 1966, when Cameroon was under the one party system). As of today, over two hundred parties have been legalised. The CPDM obtained an absolute majority during the March 1997 legislative elections and its candidate won the Presidential election of October, 1997.The President however chose to form a government that included other political parties. Three parties are represented in government; the CPDM, the NUDP and the UPC. 5 parties are present in the National Assembly: The CPDM, NUDP. SDF, UPC and CDU. His Excellency Paul Biya married Mrs Chantal BIYA on 23rd April, 1994. He is a father of three children: FRANK Biya, Paul BIYA Junior and Anastasia Brenda BIYA EYENGA.
3.- Honorary Distinctions
Mr BIYA is a holder of many decorations and honorary distinctions: • Grand Master of the National Orders (Republic of Cameroon); • Grand-Croix of the Legion of Honour (Republic of France); • Great Commander of the Medal of St-George (United Kingdom and North Irland); • Grand-Croix de classe exceptionnelle (Federal Republic of Germany); • Grand Collier de I’Ordre du Ouissam Mohammadi (Kingdon of Marocco); • Great Commander of the Order of Niger (Federal Republic of Nigeria); • Grand-Croix de I’Ordre National du Mérite (Republic of Senegal); • Commander of the National Ordre (Republic of Tunisia); • Doctoris Honoris Causa (University of Maryland, USA); • Professor emeritus (University of Beijing, Republic of China).4. – Publications
Mr BIYA is the author of a political essay entitled “Communal Liberalism”. This work has been translated into English, German and Hebrew. In it the Head of State announces the advent of multiparty politics (which became effective in 1990) after the temporary period of the one party State. He explains his choice for economic liberalism and private initiative while at the same time advocating national solidarity, equitable distribution of the benefits of economic growth, social justice, the development based on inventiveness and peaceful co-existence of various cultures and peoples who make up the nation. Finally, he reaffirms the need for modernisation of the State and the desire to maintain close cooperation ties with other countries of the world.10. Peter Mutharika- Malawi
- Born in 1940
- Studied law at the US’s Yale University and University of London
- Former law professor at Washington University
- Elected MP in 2009
- Brother of late President Bingu wa Mutharika
- Justice, education and foreign minister in brother’s cabinet
- Accused of plotting coup in 2012; denies treason charge
When UDF,came into office,Dr Bakili
Muluzi invited him into cabinet so he could became post MCP- Malawi’s
first minister of justice but he declined the offer because of his
loyalty and affiliations to Meki Ntewa,Mponda Mkandawire and his best
friend Chakufwa Chihana who at that time were in the opposition
party-Aford. When the office of the Director of Anti Corruption
Bureau,Dr Muluzi approached him once more to head it as its first
director but he again let the opportunity passed because his ties to his
colleagues in AFORD were so strong.Being a lawyer yourself,you
certainly be aware that APM contributed 4 of the 7 chapters of our
constitution, his works are well documented after leaving Malawi than
before living in Malawi.
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